» dobreprogramy sp. z o.o.
Digital Signature
Analysis
Files (128,179)
Downloads (12)
Domains (1)
Related (1)

dobreprogramy sp. z o.o.

Publisher Information

dobreprogramy sp. z o.o. is a software publisher located in Wroclaw, Poland*. The company is a primary distributor of unwanted software. Thre are 7 additional code signing certificates issued to this publisher.

Authority:

GlobalSign nv-sa

Valid from:

1/7/2016 4:50:18 PM

Valid to:

1/7/2017 4:50:18 PM

Subject:

CN=dobreprogramy sp. z o.o., O=dobreprogramy sp. z o.o., L=Wroclaw, C=PL

Issuer:

CN=GlobalSign CodeSigning CA - SHA256 - G2, O=GlobalSign nv-sa, C=BE

Serial number:

1121f17862d4e06f03149a18a59791a23fe4

Scanner detections:

Detections (100% detected)

Scan engine

Details

Detections

Reason Heuristics

PUP.installCore (M)

100.00%

1 / 68 (Adware)

classic-pdf-editor-46286-dp.exe (Dak by Rura) (98f28c3f11a83db5109958cd294583fe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

foxit-phantompdf-standard-54579-dp.exe (Locigedub) (6213ec4f3cc1d1f9dca1c263c19efe55)

1 / 68 (Adware)

windows-mobile-device-center-11980-asystentpobierania.exe (Luhukica by Tucato) (5d4770b82f9b773bfcb89217e6727f46)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_msi-afterburner-22659-asystentpobierania.exe (Boko) (c5eebbe5dbbceb0d3d5ef7c020c09afa)

1 / 68 (Adware)

boilsoft-video-splitter-35480-dp.exe (Misopebeha by Hododaho) (42df8cf969ba0241eb9069e9f46bc07c)

1 / 68 (Adware)

winamp-12928-dp.exe (Fuliseroce) (4efee987e4d01436ba70003336970262)

1 / 68 (Adware)

businesscards-mx-12734-dp.exe (Misopebeha by Hododaho) (626180baaf7225807ca6904472757dfb)

1 / 68 (Adware)

system-cleaner-42066-dp.exe (Misopebeha by Hododaho) (f227a00c5e1f33a9c52f61769983552d)

1 / 68 (Adware)

excel-viewer-12201-dp.exe (Deg) (947a022b954aeb537614a0858ea154fb)

1 / 68 (Adware)

harry-potter-and-the-goblet-of-fire-70659-dp.exe (Tihokogo) (734b4ba555d9c34f49d3001fb47c1f4f)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_bearshare-12831-dp.exe (Deg) (ac0ddd4726a3757fc02bb69cfc0fba10)

1 / 68 (Adware)

vso-bluray-to-dvd-converter-67600-dp.exe (Luhukica by Tucato) (1ffa8b1f10a04a3d432c6f0bb7af7d55)

1 / 68 (Adware)

screenshooter-17542-dp.exe (Tihokogo) (5ee98166178e2d578489e949261781f7)

1 / 68 (Adware)

8gyvtlzz.exe (Fuliseroce) (5312a948c1d3bbfc642eac5cfbc1a753)

1 / 68 (Adware)

photo imvu.exe (Fuliseroce) (1d3eeba7d3b9e6345062a6bbd319c672)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_vectorian-giotto-47863-dp.exe (Bamecopado by Tefasahofi) (2fa875fec9e57a60624bc75c75f0cdcf)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_endorphin-12294-dp.exe (Cebafuga) (2fd3eb14bed3bf276ac370b5e47dabca)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_irfanview-12867-dp.exe (Pamu) (e47cb612c97bd075a39b376b472a4419)

1 / 68 (Adware)

chromium-51256-dp.exe (Cebafuga) (3f5aeb29bd7d975d1581089cec4f3a3b)

1 / 68 (Adware)

recuva-13044-dp.exe (Fofatola) (d323b8beb17723a888fde6041ae87575)

1 / 68 (Adware)

universal-usb-installer-38786-dp.exe (Fuliseroce) (a64dc69e82f9e6ff76df1258c7a02fb6)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_digital-image-recovery-11446-dp.exe (Fofatola) (a7db3828aa94ea0972cf113aa471ca1e)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_ashampoo-photo-recovery-70033-dp.exe (Fofatola) (bde418be1d96a381d6f7f6e2757c5413)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_faststone-image-viewer-12836-dp.exe (Locigedub) (689c824dc478ca9d02dbd5e56ad8ba31)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_gburner-48955-dp.exe (Misopebeha by Hododaho) (6a4e534f08e7da4de9847af2eaefacc8)

1 / 68 (Adware)

icreinstall_cheetah-dvd-burner-22957-dp.exe (Misopebeha by Hododaho) (13f2e214618c8e1560f0c79481492b4c)

1 / 68 (Adware)

freerapid-downloader-17123-dp.exe (Fofatola) (ef886afc07e064e7bd25e171f43c9d09)

1 / 68 (Adware)

gps-track-editor-40450-asystentpobierania.exe (Boko) (55b2645f01a069a8e7582e0eaf2fed98)

1 / 68 (Adware)

exact-audio-copy-36435-asystentpobierania.exe (Luhukica by Tucato) (6018a07034133e0b250cbb2329878fc9)

1 / 68 (Adware)

graph-36045-dp.exe (Bamecopado by Tefasahofi) (5506523d4d30d1f1e6837ca42e0d9a99)

Latest 30 of 128,179 files

Downloads URLs for files signed by dobreprogramy sp. z o.o..

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.farmtoursbest.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 (classic-pdf-editor-46286-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.heartcityhost.com/gzbjdhV5u56ZxnRxwWC0uGZw6RqSOQ8rd_hufN7j7d3BPkKzFWeb1a8LRoTGdRx2corXhJATQq2nvs5X_Swp3ezdh UMayxb1bdxw52doU1XTXpSanwMDMcGl3cNTVzq3zq7FNYY7GCzuUMY9T6ukUG8M2ZmDQIL3S9fIbMm44l1Plduv9wtfwHeYg4EPWUxPe967gjY8WbjS8Dt7at_rRNplkqgcWLFU1Va_MBU4ur SoeMJ3gDdP0HVtKWOJCQVwawc2FQW_54qQnP08AxodDLxet0_dy6Skj jN0jT3Ot9BI5vDkmrEUd1DSb_EHcY2W3C3DBs1w5gEibs1KJL6P49aEhrgYm6zpDLqf35sA4mQCRRRVwa1Oj7apGs0z5eLrTvmFmKwh0LMVFF3WVL0L5GAlDH3yUiDUcmRbHm _Gek36JFqOnS9ghh pIp2DSFW07JZ7HdfF193diwXoru_d5 RIdmWrC0ra8zEalvbebVvrYE4 cz5nvQMUPMgmbebN6wDK4 Nt6dMJtR7zR97AgpwWw==-G2IAAER1U6oywrYVZwmU IsHcMgBe61LaIFx4Dh8rlFiyhsT1KaYdPIq0Ntobmn01C4tsDoRysLK23FZHBHOQdn5_pLBm9X0BA== (windows-mobile-device-center-11980-asystentpobierania.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.vaulthosttower.com/dBP3XRLMHsnyuEl_5f2uLHNmatWfUntYPIIHPiC UtC1iV6zpziRZCeY ws4dTMctZzuxKgjY0UaN0xacZB3RXlJJ3CzakdknlWJlPg_G2mWv0wy60y9UldQgmKf8Gem9uCXAkY5g oXQBpgLM0woUTBwvfxmNKEC3x5yQATcjtaAPj1sieCMsqx1LVJrDb24zPgUeyfomrfxdvjn8EQKTGIacBsXJkw9069yj5fXIoaz48hO_bLRPjzoJ4aYt9VO0cb2Q_nyww1gqNi_7v9eXD_A_R5O3Y0 IdvcIIOVqhLMAH v4k4Bu86dqiFgEOJOWZvhV94pANDOLE0Xs2wPMzxITjYIrjM7Hm3zLXohrJCMqLLILfCLkzC9FZBc7WzGQyMclMrXdH0_VyhBr UWIHlWtOyDm3MZfqU7v6WVO7VHxU5e0AL6yoGkHnyoKe8zs g qi9UZICreUdWc2jS48gHmmbj8v8fLcyisNJ5k2OSMIVAZar8r CSd qsSUqqkhMF8UM-GzUAAMRtbD6bUxAcQRBUI4 xsT9xnMd4YGPsPGlYpDeG_KqzhsTmnLzQkgzV_XngNw== (boilsoft-video-splitter-35480-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.vaulthosttower.com/S3xo9labrHIb62iy7gCfm4aKYnqP23nd8T1FLJC28O2XnPUX19NEyiNIoqdpK2_7TOX9O3OgarzP9K9YijkAICseoI4Q7lC kmqGaI55EmyBxVpDyyVCqTqimt0m7mOWE685U5ZSEsLRu9xVEImmqgHs_9YD9vXUg HpnYnaClsG1AxqcLQZ_JVz2huM4CgyGRRaexwAoM0pAJ2ECqxOZfQ21isxb1igFGarxhCui_2oMjG 9P3nDgNBWUiMMjQFe239mRcASjZRLLpqgC9YG3wbZJ0h2C4tACuoV2mtV8TzyhZLridVAui5437jnsBSR_221JoyZsrUrYzj8gGV9u81EfDuShSA JNMLSiDgfOjv3twQRWkK3qy59HLNThPyihlZpPHgysJAvwj_0G7Tw9CJzYM8vQONKKjSWtKZydUCKSg0FMsHms3V1iwnhc58QhzLgV9gbpo a5AF j1s3NoCSpd8g==-Gz4AAETnFhNQAplOZfPFzeFAp CQA_ZvSRJ4gVngMTz XYrkozUm_K6cWSQT7EXBGFKRa8LXqNHm1Dh3Mz4A (businesscards-mx-12734-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.vaulthosttower.com/ctrXoaoXD3_Omjhx0T09MM87KX9AWJKzfJA4pX_gw4o9cHg__E9Wf0O1xvOHP zd9kt4Wq8BloGr4W0TpzJjF4K5fr_F5dPGUGCoIsJdlVZAY053 XmdET7vWUrR8D0imWZCIUMQP4QwXH25iUceCAVwgsV8CSTmhi 8uHYs6sHRhTpXkFmTJunPCuu 97XmPSm1DgJpEYDEZrMUP5HTuoh9CBH4TRTpchxwTso35DjkiEZ4jYAewK7C_UXlZufLbA6QJt7DKFSO6Gd4aTAuaLt70PtFz9q2z0h7qDa _jqRxR12fxKNkXMtw74N Ioqi4eS28JS761EFXfa_B6ALO4bDaOsyWLIzRD8s_dIe0a__TFYqR1Kp Q79Qqkh2ljMtehRtLvJG7ueJvJv9NcO3cK8yrg3HNSBSjx33jYozAXVXcSJvUR5gMD4DQ5 h4zgLOuQh9c7c_liQB4BuY0cVI1NRGcqlmpp0u GCJ42Hh6VMdwKMitlFuR5U7F3J8QUcOAi KS-Gz4AAORqXWx7JTFxOvxkFlKQSIWBNu7jXHZfM6Ql7BlfPlhHtC62LunvZh8bMvm8VksFsRJTDvnN (harry-potter-and-the-goblet-of-fire-70659-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.heartcityhost.com/CagTM3p0kEZxT9zQybE2XfC8x 5FWYKaPz0kPMIxt_5l5GXd92A0Y5VnIDJflq3qZKsEusSjrbQPL8pTXqED3zqxALhzqFVu7zC6ebA ryYIIVIW7M6yDdFqCXskpTOniac1a4PH14OOHh6U05OzZFdCQjbRLCRM9PymXqX1YFhrB2Aac3TGQhRY9e qKg_92GCws0wfmL1AUS3o0NVM8yfrws0l fQDTd09FtRELqxcydJOnOwcP0IEVLYlMCV1IlNN05JwJfmh6EGFsWL_KuXB0d3bfOXX3P5Eb6x bNfg_p3Z0NZY2nUiKoNWuanOnXvzoTSbRZsgVGmgCGLFFWO3FsvMiDHSIoqEjfJx2LHTWn0wjm8CRdjmIbZpbEG709rGVzaObFzApiNvR4XD3Z8STlGOauF XvmLWMKC6WZF2FvGLH19ic_PDEFYZPNA BlD1LPNhOsHRqFdheob6lRldtx6t5VINrQRYsvq2BeM5apthjcgSVhrSnAs71ohIWepixxbBk_JDibl5MmDnHZ5Tj_SgA==-G0QAAETdFpM3GJqhm VhgnBR_l8UNuDAqcQHmXniYSIHgbfwftbYUOnaTn5oaGZWCeX_Jv90aBOfix2lGzwO4QE= (vso-bluray-to-dvd-converter-67600-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.heartcityhost.com/el1_XSSWxIk_PvJoMSODaNlEm_NbFhVjdEPMl9PFxiNfQAF90kt6ILmP1TeqnCetPmQlUN2fKSaBy_oIZxR3J5 EJOJymGIZbOyPTEuUJOp85bvfX nvbgFPRY4FaJy6ksqA3h2l4tHMTM4vpZdTrlo_9mx3l96BDm8PdbZHGq P _lJw3mKRcsoRVGBCvPGQ 6XwzukBDFbHiX4ovdyO5d4RvzcgfFsH_TSakfpUVswytvqsezCt2EPZnh8UA oCcKvm0cDWf yFvz35KLiAeC 2Ey1WDQdYC8XUPULd1xYJabRGir1A7KMumDLe1CrF2_up7TbB6xJnvY5Jw4ruicZSj_gPk3aieqj6WsLHtwEnH4_S0ZYB1xLIJyL3OZ2nL AOxIrMKE_iC8R00UuSMYiDcjReXrzOBNBXIC_l1kzqiD9_2EnfN5REPGNWLw1MfrLijTotpWnqinI0AoY3WFUy5BMRA==-GzAAAERPFhNNSg_5m3aDDWzAgQSKTRsOYDdVdaDcWL2T0rLTFRS8MHCvnE8=-e (screenshooter-17542-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.heartcityhost.com/VAnOodrgSIM2SLCu2odB9iZonul0aIkKRNPECb0TOt0Rj_JVK9Ys94sftszjFCGAfgJyCcd5ufiBKkgmxYaWsWrDO8NURyVTUf3oZJeNNeAyi5eZ 8e_n5uWv5JyTvloz8Aa9f6pGxlsSYr_thVnKlJ8UjdzqXz5kxiS1FlJ 55k5vlAw2MbVe09rLygPG7gSj5bPk0T5R4_XN86Z92fSw0y pCp QivLtR0hV Iv4yxpjhV7srX73YdYciUTldIICrjprdD291b5bKdttTjDA5UeBkW3VEIw3sXQu_AmUbX8LdAbVuNXegyjMpULjYtpem_9cynqqoN9BRhn2QDU1oIX2H0kLp12yYAUSR46R8XSDN6FaeDREz80_iKTjwmocgE7QHSiDMcQH0gDr26kWPMm3 r4WWeGeFr0IAwPYd75PQBpSYg1Ts1rGdkIKROmLiWA1GdjA9JBDUp9aLGTguJYxgLYRh2wTElnMfOWC c Ih5pkWi8UCfEcaKr a5aTZI7Kum-GycAAATkZDG5mZiMh64FGaQQhfTGdaBujHz7SwLwcaazUTS (exact-audio-copy-36435-asystentpobierania.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.applicationrepositorybyte.com/hbWkEkqSvhejE4F09xw8vt7ySesFrQEYIEB8VGJLuABc9nd0t1JXbAF6mAZfVnrEBSS_NqAJxwSLD_V6w1vVGfHHjTZnYUTES3tK11mtmEkhA1B4wSNRfQYjd6oCQoSiLHXw7MCpoAhik3c_ z4WUTfznq9RE_Vq9QG5zZYzSyeyWTtYObs2iluUwCA5_BTu8IIfJcVaQ4yrMQlpROLRArq_xAXjfkxt mNcOoGdD0TuMwbK0 YZEcMx0TeCHuXvozMycZIpPiWSowsNpmAfpfTSFIXLy1zREZg7bsUhws4x11E5pAvl7_UzoJ7cDIMWfwwkIKQ9UOkm8LIHPtFj fUGbet9E_oz6ovO1uxab7a_WijAe7hVTzDs9Xrpdr V7t4 eEU7OC4pfP8ONA CTQC7KONvQLvBOW6rkJlZ8eEdMfCWn4AuBOU37oYZm3GzZPrlPAZ3UP1v5 0FM1gO2cZKwNtcaA==-Gy0AAES3eV5NCI8__o7LUCgCkygqBSlEpOLANoZ_hOh64tBJbThVOzfKluiJwciwbw== (graph-36045-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.vaulthosttower.com/1N_s0J6rVPl22DRJISPj4orE1_pBZX4okS8SUyaImaQ6r7qR6WK9i8lJ5_6UUehuA4D_vP5f9KkUud6qsY 0t9QR3oBrD6rfIt9OBMef9yHpOSLuVv91C7ImFhJac620ujSGroSmwccYRrRO_ws8dZ3N_wbsrTRJbYtNLQtWn_Q5LXnAt5BBX3axZLG1AjX_MGZjyswDV0lQJGtOJxzcNNdVKzc9TRdoa71MzfG_pFuMJZ3I2UXd6OEP4M5Lr95iYy718rORjLFGP1YbcuEdhxR7cKWLGWYNymUtSXOC0sMRYxNPTfSM3oto ESGmRwOhFWwbUVqJd62SWML05ORK9mnhxDK1 ZmnYYTICwUvHInv7EXdUyQUzJAZq5KuVQTBKvgoxVAPeVgKdZi qwFoYX9nmJ1f3lBlxDGHqA0mR8Qgc kWQwIFrkKx2bAvIV56oZbFihgbvVy8zcWM9FurhE0EfXe0g==-G0QAAGR3nte2cJ3KD0uL2hoPMJEDp4A84fY3tnEgbvzPVa TcWhzhuuhbfJblNczLiqdY4YHSBDxiwE= (skype-voice-changer-47642-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.vaulthosttower.com/ly Cyc HKqRq1tynAQkO1F3GzKHCC1_VyfWO_qDDPsCthrxXjr6A5rnLaeIPWr9rGKXXctBY1FwLKmwxYy1e9F9aPymzKSKf5qUo9zPHs3Bw 9S4FuH1kY2Scx2iczUaJ32kWeBUlHsmS5gsva6QwVOVx4tks4lKYkPiUzEpfOOFc2jZfGZ923DVvXRhEG_XwMLF Cam0H2UGAZ25sDmYHHrOFkC2ymB8zTahKi8wLh8dWpql0vonNnb1nTwRfvcQIXwoZ48xasBBb2m07nIRujHl1q Nql7Xy jbEbJzmSnh96k88d2PK6MGStb8aPLTJsHa_l21JPVQmrPC__p8Sfc1qsTe1KSGw2sdA7YjvrwK4c2bMU7jNt7FElRpWV_f6sAf_9dbggIGVCURvtznMVlW7sZePpjRkdflA3wT83JdXvRM0QHwkuxHGS9Rc8wjuTcVx6tx gMU464txQQARJwbZwXcsbKt3HwQ2IBmixkXVkZfDSQQNIbJk9iTMJIqgA4 kM1iUqc_VaVySggfrHYlKyXZZDBffEZ6bfXfSAABmVCpiU=-G24AAMTWZkwPosq2iAp3S8FmMAoOOWCvdQnYEg8Zh88VEVPemKISMXHyKqI_Owd39uihMQfM20RNdaI3KzD92rC3SHoy_y4CjVtJcLXibJxN6y4= (internet-explorer-49184-dp.exe)

1 / 68 (Adware)

http://www.capitaltagconecpt.com/9ZKyjqzks9jxlx_0pqLi1KBrjmzSSCcuqUv9auU9lQ ZnE_nQvuEUzcUeRFlYmOFezHcSfH_hHSNKRtsayfbROvpSx_StlSYPMUZLiQq6ynP8WwDON6S66hOsx fq_K03kQnlL2xEcAeV84CVULlbVRCQinIqv0__j4Xgu9946b5fn6rn7 HVPt YoTmld5c Lff0iEhrRA9jGA3Ycq lqDrzl3J3iKKtVAlhJmdn5hWwEwBXxffbhanHSV4oYDa1zPUT9vqglptjtKi1g4SahpOtbb9rkbvojG6X5yazL_ctka 5ycg38Q6YsUoEbYsN2vrAJQz_4GZjin1wNnizQ_dBGw791oYkPgMbiHf1wJZZCvsqpJksu3RIfVtuCrSUCnyUjDvAGLKRbjQmVQ1ePyltKEdSnRRqs9QjOihu_GxFd2fRDZ5Fkr_tnME0KN8o 2hoy5K-G2AAAETnFhMQMuskgpnpA0Wd6uaEZhyw95cEKcU0mOfwOH1K0L75Git8_n7Sl4ShKijut7Eja8kfq4nqyjvIce5kPAA= (artensoft-photo-mosaic-wizard-22173-dp.exe)

Domains

Top-level domains owned by dobreprogramy sp. z o.o..

dobreprogramy.pl

The certificates below are also signed by dobreprogramy sp. z o.o..

11211AD9FFFF7B7307EA7EF56E85C6344F73 (May 24, 2016 to May 25, 2017)

04CCACE3AEB4566AFA610407D3C9D967 (Feb 25, 2015 to Feb 26, 2016)

1121E43E26D353CD92710BE588FC941CCD7E (Feb 20, 2015 to Feb 21, 2016)

1121B4F3A4313F8A58B614202F80129EBC93 (Feb 13, 2015 to Feb 14, 2016)

1121E9A581200A0A8D4D739B689331436C1D (Nov 12, 2014 to Nov 13, 2015)

4E30454670D180FB3C3C625396724F5E (May 20, 2014 to May 21, 2015)

00EFC6EDE5717968B796D7BFF8BE2536E9 (Jun 06, 2013 to Jun 07, 2014)

The following publishers (by Authenticode signature organization name) are related.

Dobreprogramy sp. z o.o.

* Note, the details and description above are based on the code signing digital signature issued to dobreprogramy sp. z o.o. by GlobalSign nv-sa on January 07, 2016 with the serial number '1121f17862d4e06f03149a18a59791a23fe4'.

herdProtect is a second line of defense malware removal platform powered by 68 anti-malware engines in the cloud. Since no single anti-malware program is perfect 100% of the time, herdProtect utilizes a 'herd' of multiple engines to guarantee the widest coverage and the earliest possible detection.